Science chav kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv yog ntau dua li chav nrog khoom siv; Lawv yog cov chaw muab tub ceev xwm. Hauv cov tes-ntawm ib puag ncig, cov tub ntxhais kawm "kawm tau zoo dua los ntawm kev kawm kev lom zem thiab koom tes nrog lawv tau nyeem qhov kev sim tiag.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam tshawb fawb hauv tsev kawm ntawv
Tsoos chav kawm kev kawm txuj ci kev kawm txuj ci kev tshawb fawb feem ntau yog kev ntseeg thiab phau ntawv qhia. Hauv kev sib piv, Kev sim ua haujlwm cia cov tub ntxhais kawm nquag ua cov kev sim thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv, ua kom kawm tau yooj yim. Cov kev tshawb fawb pom tias nquag, txhais tes - ntawm kev kawm hloov cov neeg kawm passive rau cov neeg koom. Los ntawm kov, saib xyuas thiab sim, cov tub ntxhais kawm cov ntsiab lus hauv ntau dua. Piv txwv li, kev ua haujlwm tau ua pov thawj tau ua pov thawj los txhawb cov tub ntxhais kawm nyiam thiab kev kawm tau zoo.
- Nce kev sib koom tes thiab kev txaus siab:Sib txuas lus sib tw ua haujlwm tau ua haujlwm tau cov tub ntxhais kawm cov kev mloog. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb pom cov tub ntxhais kawm ua tau zoo siab dua thaum koom tes nrog kev koom tes.
- Deper Nkag Siab:Ua cov kev sim hloov cov tswv yim paub daws teeb rau hauv kev ua pob zeb. Cov tub ntxhais kawm uas koom tes rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev kawm ua "ntxaum, sib tw nkag siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus scientific".
- Zoo dua kev paub ntawm kev paub:Nquag thov cov ntsiab lus hauv kev sim pab cov tub ntxhais kawm nco thiab nkag siab cov khoom siv ntau dua.
- Kev xav tseem ceeb thiab kev daws teeb meem: kev daws teeb meem:Cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas uas xav kom cov tub ntxhais kawm los tsim cov kev xav, sau cov ntaub ntawv, thiab txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv xav tau, kev tsim qauv tseem ceeb heev.
- Lub ntiaj teb kev txheeb ze tiag tiag:Cov kev sim tswv yim cia cov tub ntxhais kawm thov kev paub phau ntawv qhia rau cov xwm txheej tiag tiag, vim li cas cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb dhau ntawm chav kawm.
Core Lauj ntawm Kev Kawm Txuj Ci Kev Kawm
Lub tsev kawm ntawv kev tshawb fawb ua hauj lwm pab ntau lub luag haujlwm uas txhawb nqa ob qho tib si cov hom phiaj thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm txoj kev loj hlob.
Ua ntej, nwsTxhawb cov ntaub ntawv kawm scienceLos ntawm muab ib qho chaw rau kev sim ua ke rau cov tshooj lus. Cov kws qhia ntawv coj cov qauv kev tshawb fawb rau lub neej: Zaj lus qhia tsiaj rau lub hlwb ua cov tseem ceeb thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm ua phooj ywg ntawm cov yam ntxwv tiag tiag. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, kuaj kev txhawb zog thiab ua kom cov tub ntxhais kawm dab tsi kawm cov tub ntxhais kawm.
Thib ob, labTxhim kho cov kev txawj ntse thiab kev tshawb fawbCov. Hauv chav kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm paub siv cov cuab yeej thiab cov cuab yeej siv thiab ua raws txoj kev tshawb fawb. Kev siv dag ua haujlwm ua haujlwm hoj kev soj ntsuam, ntsuas kev ntsuas, thiab cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv. Cov tub ntxhais kawm xyaum cov lus nug, cov txheej txheem tsim qauv, thiab kev kos duab raws li cov lus xaus.
Thaum kawg, labTsim Pab Koom Tes thiab Kev Sib Koom TesCov. Feem ntau cov kev sim koom nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm hauv pab pawg. Cov pab pawg siv lab sim qhia kev sib txuas lus sib txuas lus, lub luag haujlwm, thiab yuav ua li cas kom koj txaus siab rau kev sib txawv. Cov kws tshawb nrhiav taw qhia tias ntau yam kev ua haujlwm tau ua haujlwm xav tau kev ua haujlwm, pab cov tub ntxhais kawm "tsim kev txhim kho cuam tshuam nrog lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv chav kawm hauv lab, cov tub ntxhais kawm tseem kawm cov ntawv ceeb toom lab thiab qhia cov txiaj ntsig rau cov phooj ywg kev sib txuas lus ntxiv.
Tsim thiab Spatial Layout
A Zoo-tsim Lab LegoutTxhim kho kev nyab xeeb, ua haujlwm tau zoo, thiab kev kawm. Cov chaw ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau npaj nrog qhov chaw aisle aisle yog li cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov kws qhia tuaj yeem txav mus los dawb thiab nkag tau yooj yim. Piv txwv li, cov lus qhia pom zoo kom txaus ntawm txhua lub rooj ntev zaum, qhov rooj, phab ntsa, thiab zaum zaum. Cov rooj tog xaiv kev pab pab dhau: ib qho sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw thiab cov ntxhuav txav tau yoog raws li cov haujlwm sib txawv. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov rooj zaum saum yog qhov tseeb thiab modular, tso cai rau cov pab pawg los tsim cov pawg lossis rov ua kom pom tseeb.
- Lab lav thiab chaw ua haujlwm:Qhov chawKob ua rooj zaumNrog dav aisles ntawm txhua sab kom tsis txhob muaj neeg hla kev. Xav txog nkhaus lossis hexagonal Islands kom txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm muaj qhov tseeb chaw haujlwm thiab kab pom rau sab xub ntiag.
- Cia thiab Nkag Mus:CeevTshuaj lom neegthiab muab cov khob cij raws phab ntsa lossis hauv cov chav ua haujlwm nyob ib sab. Txhua cov khoom tsim txom yuav tsum tau muab cia kom ruaj deb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Cov kab ke yooj yim yuav tsum ua los ntawm kev cia kom ua haujlwm kom ua haujlwm kom muaj kev nyab xeeb.
- Ntau thaj chaw thaj chaw:Nqa cov xibfwb qhia ua haujlwm nyob sab pem hauv ntej, zoo kawg nkaus nrog lub khoos phis tawj txuas thiab lub koob yees duab. Muab cov chaw so lossis cov chaw ua si rau pawg sib tham. Qee qhov kev sim ua kuj tseem teeb tsa lub chaw so me me lossis "txiag" Nok nrog cov rooj zaum mos thiab khoom siv (3D tshuab luam ntawv). Cov aones tsis raug cai tuaj yeem tsim hluav taws xob thiab muab chaw rau cov tub ntxhais kawm kom nyob ntsiag to. Tsim cov cheeb tsam nrog cov ntxhuav txov thiab rooj zaum cia cov chav kawm hloov kho qhov chaw rau ib chav lab, kev nthuav qhia, lossis pab pawg ua haujlwm.
Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas
Kev nyab xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ib qho kev kawm txuj ci. Caws signage, iav ti tes ti taw, thiab nruj txheej txheem ua kom cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tiv thaiv.Kuaj yuav tsum tau teev cov cim ceeb toom rau txhua tus muaj kev phom sijCov. Rau cov tshuaj lom neeg tshuaj lom neeg, siv cov ntawv pov tseg uas tsim nyog xws li "kev phom sij - flammable" lossis kev phom sij pictograms. Qhov chaw kos npe yuav tsum suav cov cim biohazard yog siv, nrog rau "kev kub ntxhov" lossis "kev ceeb toom uas xav tau. Txawm hais tias General nco txog (Goggles yuav tsum muaj, tsis muaj khoom noj lossis dej haus) pab tswj kom muaj kev paub.
- Cov khoom siv thaum muaj xwm ceev:Txhua qhov kev kuaj yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv pabcuam ua ntej, tua hluav taws, cov pam tua hluav taws, thiab ib qhoDa dej thaum muaj xwm ceev \/ Qhov Muag Hluav Taws XobCov. Cov khoom no yuav tsum tau cim kom pom tseeb nrog cov cim taw qhia. Cov kev tawm hluav taws kub yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm los ntawm txhua lub qhov rooj, thiab kaw kaw rau roj, dej, thiab hluav taws xob yuav tsum sau npe. Nquag tshuaj xyuas thiab tswj cov cuab yeej no raws li teem sijhawm.
- Cov txheej txheem txheem thiab kev qhia:Cov kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm cov kev ua haujlwm (sops) rau kev ua haujlwm lab. Qhov no suav nrog cov cai ntawm kev hnav cov khoom tiv thaiv tus kheej (cov hnab looj tes, cov tsho ntev) thiab cov cai rau kev tuav dej txhawm lossis tawg. Ob tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm xav tauLab Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab XeebThaum pib ntawm lub xyoo. Kev nyab xeeb hnyiab (rau hluav taws, av qeeg lossis tshuaj nchuav) thiab ntu rov qab ua kom txhua tus neeg nco qab txog thaum muaj xwm ceev thiab teb cov kauj ruam. Muaj txoj kev npaj kom huv si kom meej (ua cov ntawv pom zoo OSHA) thiab kos npe lej thaum muaj xwm ceev hauv chav kuaj mob xwm txheej ceev rau kev muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Seev seev thiab thev naus laus zis teeb tsa
Kev kawm txuj ci tshawb fawb muaj ntau yam cuab yeej, los ntawm cov khoom siv yooj yim rau cov twj paj nruag.Cov Khoom Siv Yooj YimYuav tsum tau npaj tau yooj yim: compound microscopes, digital sib npaug, khob iav, bunsen hlawv lossis kub taub hau, thiab cov ntsuas kub. Cov khoom siv tsom iav rau Biology, pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb hauv av, thiab nplai rau cov chav kawm chemistry yog qhov tseem ceeb.
- Cov cuab yeej siv tau:Ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv tseem qhia cov cuab yeej siv ntau dua thaum cov peev nyiaj tso cai. Piv txwv muaj cov qauv tshuaj tiv thaiv lub teeb nqus teeb, centrifuges, siab-powered electron microstres thiab cov luam ntawv laser rau kev ua yeeb yam. Muaj tsawg kawg yog ib tus qauv ntawm cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub hauv chav kuaj pom tias kev kawm pheej hloov kho tshiab.
- Cov kab thiab ntse system:Niaj hnub nev sim siv cov kev sim digital thiab cov ntaub ntawv tau txais cov ntaub ntawv. Kev cuam tshuam rau cov tub ntxhais kawm txuas cov sensors rau cov ntsiav tshuaj lossis lub laptop thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag. Muab cov duab computer tsom iav cia cia cov tub ntxhais kawm sau cov duab rau kev tsom xam. Txawm tias Virtual-tseeb lossis simulation software tuaj yeem muab kev sim lub cev.
Kev sib koom ua ke nrog cov qauv kawm thiab kev qhia kev xyaum
Txhawm rau kawm kev kawm ntau dua, cov haujlwm ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua pov tseg rau cov txheej txheem qhia thiab cov tswv yim qhia. Cov kws qhia tsim qauv kev sim thiab cov kev qhia uas ua kom tiav lawv cov koog ua tiav. Piv txwv li, chav tshem tawm ntawm lub cev lus tau muaj ib qho chaw kuaj uas cov tub ntxhais kawm ntsuas nrawm siv cov lus tsa suab digital. Cov Qauv Qhia Yooj Yim Npaj Ua Ntej, cov ntaub ntawv xav tau, thiab cov txheej txheem ib qib zuj zus, nrog rau cov lus nug txog kev xav txog.
- Qauv Tswv Cuab Cov Lus Cog Tseg:Cov kws qhia feem ntau tsim cov lus nug-raws li cov lus nug: Cov tub ntxhais kawm nug cov lus nug, ua cov kev sim hauv cov pab pawg me nyuam, thiab qhia tawm lawv cov kev tshawb pom me me. Sau ntawv sau kom meej lossis daim ntawv ua haujlwm pab coj cov txheej txheem no. Cov lus qhia kws qhia ntawv yuav khi txhua qhov kev sim rau lub xeev lossis keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb.
- Kev Kawm Ua Haujlwm Ua Haujlwm:Ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv yuavChav (kev tshawb fawb, thev naus laus zis, Engineering, kos duab, lej) mus txogCov. Qhov no txhais tau tias kev sim ntsuas hauv cov dej num ntev tshaj uas hla cov kab lus. Piv txwv li, chav kawm yuav daws qhov kev sib tw tiag tiag Xws li cov phiaj xwm ua rau cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv "kev kawm nruj thiab daws teeb meem" ntawm cov ntsiab lus ib txwm muaj. Lawv coj kev tsim tswv yim thiab qhov tseeb rau kev kawm tshawb fawb.
- Kev tshuaj xyuas thiab xav txog:Hloov chaw tsuas yog xeem kawm qib, kev kuaj tsis tau lab yog tshuaj xyuas los ntawm cov ntawv ceeb toom lab, kev nthuav qhia, thiab kev txawj rubrics. Cov kws qhia ntawv tuaj yeem siv cov rub tawm uas ntsuas cov tub ntxhais kawm tau ua haujlwm npaum li cas, txheeb xyuas cov teeb meem, thiab daws teeb meem. Reflection Reflection yog ua rau muaj cov tub ntxhais kawm sau cov ntsiab lus lossis tham txog dab tsi ua haujlwm, dab tsi ua tsis tau, thiab vim li cas. Qhov no pab lawv xav metacognitively. Qee tus kws qhia ntawv tseem koom nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv kev tsim cov rub, muab cov tswv cuab ntawm cov hom phiaj kawm.
Cov tub ntxhais kawm koom nrog thiab kev tsim kho tshiab
Kev tshawb fawb txuj ci tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov tub ntxhais kawm 'xav tau ntev tom qab cov sijhawm kawm ntawv. Tsev Kawm Ntawv Feem Ntau TxhawbCov Txheej Txheem Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Sib Tw, xws li kev tshawb fawb fairs, Fairsics pab pawg, Olympiads, thiab kev sib tw engineering. Cov phiaj xwm no cia cov tub ntxhais kawm xav kawm nrhiav kev sim pov tseg lossis kev tsim tawm. Koom tes nrog Kev Ncaj Ncees Science, piv txwv li cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav npaj cov kev tshawb nrhiav kev ywj pheej, cov ntsiab lus tam sim no, thiab txawm tias tsis ua haujlwm yog tias kev sim tsis ua haujlwm.
- Cov chaw tsim khoom thiab qhib chav ntsuas:Ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv tau teeb tsa cov chaw tsim khoom nyob ze rau cov chaw kawm txuj ci, nruab nrog cov cuab yeej, cov khoom siv tes ua, thiab cov phau ntawv siv. Cov chaw no txhawb kom cov tub ntxhais kawm tsim thiab Tinker. Los ntawm kev noj cov tswv yim hauv chav kawm (tus qauv hluav taws xob, tus qauv hluav taws xob, thiab lub tsev muaj kev sib cav tiag tiag, cov tub ntxhais kawm txav mus los ntawm "kev nkag siab tseeb". Hauv cov chaw tsim khoom, kev sim siab thiab kev ua yuam kev qhia kom muaj kev txhim kho thiab muaj tswv yim.
- Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev nthuav qhia cov cib fim:Tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsum txhawb cov miv nyuas qha puab cov num. Qhov no tej zaum yuav txhais tau sau cov kev sim rau cov tub ntxhais kawm science science, kev tshaj tawm hauv tsev kawm sib dhos, lossis kev sib tw ntawm Kev Sib Tw Hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Txoj Haujlwm. Thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau cov ntawv tshaj tawm lossis hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab, lawv kawm sib txuas lus zoo. Cov kev paub dhau los kuj txhawb nqa kev ntseeg siab thiab kev nkag siab ntawm kev ua tswv ntawm kev kawm.
- 21st-caug xyoo kev loj hlob:Ua haujlwm rau cov phiaj xwm qhib ua haujlwm tsim cov kev xav tseem ceeb, kev sib koom tes, thiab kev daws teeb meem. Cov txuj ci no "yog lub hauv paus rau thiab txhim kho los ntawm kev kawm paub" cov tub ntxhais kawm muaj thaum cov kev daws teeb meem. Koom tes rau hauv sim cov kev ua lag luam tshiab ua ntej npaj cov haujlwm yav tom ntej los ntawm kev muab cov khoom tshawb fawb lawv paub txog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim qauv.
Kev tswj txhua hnub thiab txij nkawm
Kev lag luam ua tau zoo yuav tsum muaj kev saib xyuas. Qhov no suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv tswj hwm, thiab huv si.
- Cov khoom siv calibration thiab upkeep:Cov cuab yeej siv sim yuav tsum yog. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev kawm yuav tsum muaj cov twj paj nruag suav tsis tu ncua (tshuav nyiaj tsawg, thiab lwm yam) raws li cov lus qhia tsim khoom. "Kev ntsuas kev ntsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb kom ntseeg tau tias qhov tseeb, rov ua dua, thiab qauv". Piv txwv li, qhov sib npaug yuav tsum tau kuaj nrog qhov hnyav, thiab cov ntsuas kub tshawb xyuas hauv dej khov. Cov Khoom Siv Kev Nyab Xeeb (fume hoods, tua hluav taws tua hluav taws) kuj xav tau kev kuaj xyuas cov kev kuaj xyuas. Thaum muaj teeb meem tshwm sim (ib qho kev siv miskas tawg rotor, kho kom zoo dua qub), kho lossis hloov yuav tsum tau tshwm sim kom tsis txhob poob qis.
- Kev ua tiav thiab cov khoom lag luam:Khaws cov khoom lag luam uas muaj tshuaj lom neeg zoo li tshuaj lom neeg, swb, khob iav, thiab cov khoom muaj kev nyab xeeb. Sau npe rau txhua cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom meej meej thiab tswj cov npe khoom nug txog-hnub. Xaj hloov chaw ua ntej cov khoom khiav tawm. Ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv siv cov khoom lag luam software cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim, tab sis txawm tias locial meded stockroom nrog cov ntawv tshaj tawm tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tsis txaus.
- Kev nyiam huv thiab ib puag ncig:Sects huv si pab txhawb kev kawm. Cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum so lub rooj zaum thiab cov khoom siv rov qab tom qab kev sib kho. Cov neeg kawm ntawv pom zoo rub cov kev tu kom paub meej tias tsis muaj dab tsi tau saib xyuas. Kev npaj tu tu yuav tsum tau ua kom sai. Qhov chaw muaj cua txaus thiab khib nyiab pov tseg kom zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov mob tsis huv uas tsis yog ua kom cov tub ntxhais kawm muaj kev nyab xeeb xwb tab sis kuj tseem ua kom tiav cov txiaj ntsig tau muaj tseeb.
Tag
Science chav kuaj tsis muaj peev xwm rau kev kawm paub. Lawv tig science ntawm kev xav ua kev xyaum, kev nkag siab hauv tsev, kev txawj, thiab kev txaus siab. Zoo-nruab lets ua"Crucibles ntawm kev tshoov siab thiab kev txhim kho".