Txhua tus neeg yog sib npaug ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, thiab yuav tsum tau ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "uas ua rau thaj chaw thiab tus neeg saib xyuas nws". Tus nqi accounting thiab lwm tus nqi ntawm txoj kev kuaj no yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig ntawm qhov chaw kuaj mob.
Cov hom kev muaj paug nyob hauv txoj kev kuaj sim yog qhov nyuaj, muaj ntau ntau yam thiab siab toxicity. Lub tswv yim kho mob yuav tsum tau tsim kom raws li cov xwm txheej.
Kuaj cov kab mob muaj kuab paug thiab muaj kev phom sij
1.1 Raws li qhov ntawm kev ua qias tuaj
1.1.1 Muaj kuab paug lom neeg
Tshuaj lom neeg muaj kuab paug muaj kuab paug thiab muaj kuab paug tshuaj lom neeg. Organic pollution yog tsuas yog los ntawm cov tshuaj tua tau cov organic thiab cov qauv organic paug. Feem ntau, cov organic reagents hauv txoj kev kuaj no tsis ncaj qha cuam tshuam txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tiam sis tsuas ua raws li qhov hnyav, yog li cov organic reagents ntim raug tawm mus rau hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig hauv ntau hom, thiab tag nrho cov nqi ntawm emissions yog sib npaug qhov noj ntawm reagents. tus nqi. Nruab hnub tom qab, xyoo tom qab xyoo, emissions yog txiav txim siab. Organic sample contamination muaj xws li qee qhov tshuaj lom neeg mob xws li tshuaj tua kab, benzo (α) pyrene, aflatoxin, thiab nitrosamines. Cov pa tsw phem yog los ntawm cov kua qaub, muaj kuab paug alkali, muaj hlau paug hnyav, thiab cyanide pa phem. Ntawm lawv, hnyav hlau xws li mercury, arsenic, txhuas, cadmium thiab chromium tsis yog tsuas yog cov tshuaj lom neeg, tab sis kuj muaj txuam nrog tib neeg lub cev.
1.1.2 Paug kev qaug tshuaj lom neeg
Kev qias tuaj yeem muaj cov pa phem pov tseg thiab lom kab mob lom kab mob lom. Cov khib nyiab pov tseg muaj xws li kuaj ntshav kuaj zis xws li ntshav, zis, quav, hnoos qeev thiab ntuav; cov khoom kuaj sim xws li cov cuab yeej siv kuaj kabmob, kabmob culture kabmob thiab cov kabmob zoo. Lub chaw kuaj kabmob ua rau me nyuam yaus yuav ua kom muaj ntau yam kabmob loj thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov kabmob uas muaj teebmeem txog kabmob, thiab yog tias raug tshem tawm tsis muaj kev kho kom zoo, yuav muaj kev rau txim loj. Tsis tsim nyog ntawm cov cuab yeej siv rau hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm biological lossis kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus kheej hauv qhov kev sim yuav kis tau kis ntawm cov kab mob lom kab mob lom, ua kom muaj kuab paug, thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev. Tom qab muaj SARS phaum mob nyob rau hauv 2003, ntau lub chaw soj ntsuam kab mob ua kom muaj kev kawm txog SAS kab mob. Tom qab ntawd, cov neeg mob SARS-kis tau tus mob no feem ntau raug mob los ntawm cov neeg tshawb nrhiav thaum lub caij tshawb nrhiav.
1.1.3 Cov kab mob kis tau
Cov khoom siv xov tooj cua xws li xov tooj cua, cov qauv daws teeb meem, thiab cov zoo li.
1.2 Raws li daim ntawv ntawm cov kuab paug
1.2.1 Cov dej khib nyiab
Kuaj dej-tsim wastewater muaj xws li kuaj ntau heev, tus qauv curves thiab qauv tshawb xyuas qhov quav, siv cov reservoirs thiab ntxuav, thiab ntau cov dej ntxuav. Yuav luag tag nrho cov qauv kev tshawb fawb pom muaj sib txawv ntawm cov teeb meem dej khib nyiab. Cov wastewaters no muaj tag nrho, nrog rau cov kab tsim tshuaj feem ntau, hnyav hlau ions thiab teeb meem kab mob, thiab cov cyanides tsawg heev, cov kab mob toxins, ntau yam tshuaj tua kab, thiab cov tshuaj seem.
1.2.2 Cov pa roj carbon
Cov pa roj carbon monoxide yog ua los ntawm cov kev kuaj muaj xws li cov tshuaj tsis haum ntawm cov tshuaj reagents thiab cov qauv, cov nrab sij hawm hauv kev soj ntsuam, tawm thiab tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab cov roj av nkos. Feem ntau, cov kev sim nyob rau hauv kev kuaj mob uas tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj mob thiab tsim kev puas tsuaj kom raug muab coj los ua nyob rau hauv lub fume hle. Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los tswj kom muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv vaj tse thiab tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov kws tshuaj, tab sis nws tseem tuaj yeem tuaj yeem ua rau huab cua kub nyhiab. Cov pa roj carbon monoxide muaj xws li cov pa phem xws li cov kua qaub av, cov qauv tshuaj, cov roj xua, cov tshuaj organic, thiab cov kabmob tsawg tsawg xws li mercury vapor thiab phosgene.
1.2.3 Cov khoom pov tseg
Khoom siv khib nyiab los ntawm qhov kev kuaj no muaj ntau qhov kuaj, khoom siv tshuaj xyuas, khoom siv los yog puas ntsoog (xws li glassware, qhov siv dej), residual lossis spent reagents, thiab cov zoo li. Cov khoom ntim no yog ua rau hauv ntau ntau thiab muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom thiab tshuaj lom kabmob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tshuaj reagents ntau dhau los. Txoj kev kho mob yog me ntsis thiab tsis yooj yim ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo phem heev.