Lub tswv yim ntawm qib biosafety tau qhia thiab txhais los ntawm cov koom haum xws liLub Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob (CDC)thiabNational Institutes of Health (NIH)nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas ua ib feem ntawm kev siv zog los ua qauv kev kuaj xyuas kev nyab xeeb. Txhua qib qhia txog kev ceev faj hauv chav kuaj, cov cuab yeej siv kev nyab xeeb, thiab tsim cov chaw tsim khoom los tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm, pej xeem, thiab ib puag ncig.
Cov qib qis siv rau cov kab mob paub zoo uas muaj kev pheej hmoo tsawg, thaum qib siab siv rau cov kab mob txaus ntshai, feem ntau tuag taus.Txhua qib biosafety tsim nyob rau yav dhau los. Cov txheej txheem microbiological kev coj ua xws li kev ntxuav tes, tsis noj mov hauv chav kuaj, thiab qhov chaw decontaminating yog siv nyob rau txhua theem, nrog rau kev tswj ntxiv ntawm BSLs siab dua.
Biosafety Level 1 (BSL 1)
Biosafety qib 1 yogqhov nkag -level container. Nws siv rau kev ua haujlwm nrog zoo - yam ntxwv, cov kab mob uas tsis muaj kab mob uas ua rau muaj kev hem thawj tsawg rau cov neeg noj qab haus huv.
- Cov neeg sawv cev:Nonpathogenic microbes uas ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo tsawg heev rau tib neeg lossis ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, ib qho kev nyab xeeb ntawm E. coli feem ntau siv hauv BSL-1 labs.
- Kev xyaum:Cov txheej txheem microbiological txheej txheem. Qhov no suav nrog kev noj mov, haus dej, thiab siv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce uas raug txwv hauv chav kuaj, ntxuav tes tom qab tuav cov kab mob, thiab kev tu cov chaw ua haujlwm niaj hnub. Kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua tiav ntawm qhiblab benchestsis muaj kev txwv tshwj xeeb.
- Khoom siv:Tsuas yog cov khoom siv tiv thaiv tus kheej yooj yim (PPE) yog xav tau. Feem ntau cov kws tshawb fawb hnav cov tsho hauv lab, hnab looj tes, thiab tiv thaiv qhov muag raws li xav tau. Vim tias cov kab mob muaj tsawg tsawg -kev pheej hmoo, tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ua pa los yog bio- cov khoom ntim khoom yuav tsum muaj.
- Facility Design:BSL-1 lab yuav tsum muaj chaw ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab lub qhov rooj cais lub chaw sim ntawm lwm qhov chaw. Tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb lub tsev tsim nyog nyob rau theem no.
Biosafety Level 2 (BSL 2)
Biosafety theem 2 yog raunruab nrab- cov neeg ua haujlwm pheej hmoouas tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg muaj kab mob sib txawv. Qhov no suav nrog ntau qhov chaw kuaj kab mob. Cov piv txwv zoo yog Staphylococcus aureus, kab mob Salmonella, lossis kab mob xws li HIV thiab kab mob siab B. Lawv tuaj yeem ua rau mob me me mus rau qhov hnyav. Tsis zoo li BSL-1, BSL-2 xav tau kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb ntxiv los tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob.
Hauv chav kuaj BSL-2, cov neeg ua haujlwm ua raws txhua qhov kev coj ua BSL-1 ntxiv rau kev ceev faj ntxiv:
- Kev tswj xyuas kev nkag:Tsuas yog cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txais kev cob qhia raug tso cai nkag thaum ua haujlwm. Kev nkag mus rau hauv chav kuaj raug txwv thaum muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm sib kis.
- Kab mob:Cov neeg sawv cev yog nruab nrab- phom sij rau tib neeg cov kab mob. Piv txwv li Staph. aureus, Salmonella, HIV, Kab mob siab B, thiab Entamoeba histolytica. Lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob yog tias noj, nqus tau, lossis tiv tauj nrog daim tawv nqaij tawg.
- Cov cuab yeej siv kev nyab xeeb:Cov kws tshawb nrhiav hnav hnab looj tes thiab cov tsho hauv chav kuaj txhua lub sijhawm; Kev tiv thaiv qhov muag lossis daim npog ntsej muag yog siv thaum muaj txaws lossis tshuaj tsuag. Abiological kev ruaj ntseg txee(BSC)yuav tsum tau siv rau txhua txoj kev uas tuaj yeem tsim cov kab mob aerosols los yog txaws. Ib qho khoom siv autoclave los yog sib npaug decontamination yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv chav kuaj kom tsis muaj menyuam thiab cov khoom siv.
- Facility Design:Lub chaw kuaj mob muaj tus kheej - kaw qhov rooj thiab cim kom meejCov lus ceeb toom ntawm Biohazard. Yuav tsum muaj lub dab ntxuav tes thiab qhov chaw ntxuav qhov muag. Lub tshuab ua pa feem ntau tsis yog tshwj xeeb kaw, tab sis lub xub ntiag ntawm BSC muab lub hauv paus ntim rau aerosols.
Biosafety Level 3 (BSL 3)
Biosafety qib 3 yog raumob hnyav lossis muaj peev xwm ua rau tuag tausuas tuaj yeem kis tau los ntawm huab cua. BSL-3 kab mob muaj xws li Mycobacterium tuberculosis, West Nile virus, SARS-CoV-2, thiab Yersinia pestis, thiab lwm yam. Lawv ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo siab yog tias nqus tau me me los yog aerosols. BSL-3 labs yog li xav tau kev tswj hwm nruj.
Ib chav kuaj BSL-3 suav nrog tag nrho cov kev ntsuas BSL-2 ntxiv rau cov kev tswj hwm hauv qab no:
- Airflow thiab ventilation:Lub chav kuaj yog tsim los rau kev taw qhia airflow. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias huab cua tau nkag mus rau hauv chav kuaj los ntawm txoj kev hauv tsev thiab sab nraud los ntawm HEPA lim. Tsis pub rov ua dua cov pa tawm. Feem ntau muaj ob pawg ntawm tus kheej- kaw, cov qhov rooj sib txuas sib cais cais lub chaw sim los ntawm lwm qhov chaw.
- Kev tswj xyuas kev nkag:Kev nkag yog nruj tswj; tsuas yog cov neeg ua haujlwm cob qhia tuaj yeem nkag mus, feem ntau nrog kev ruaj ntseg ntxiv. Txhua qhov chaw kuaj mob yog ua los ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam kev kho mob uas muaj peev xwm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
- Cov cuab yeej siv kev nyab xeeb:Txhua qhov kev tswj hwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub txee biosafety uas tau lees paub. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv chav kuaj mob yuav tsum hnav PPE tsim nyog txhua lub sijhawm, feem ntau yog cov khoom zoo- cov ris tsho pem hauv ntej thiab kev tiv thaiv kev ua pa (xws li N95 lub tshuab ua pa lossis lub tshuab ua pa uas siv tau- lub tshuab ua pa huv).
- Pov tseg thiab decontamination:Txhua qhov chaw kuaj pov tseg yog decontaminated ua ntej muab pov tseg. Qhov no suav nrog tsis yog tsuas yog pov tseg pov tseg xwb tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas tawm hauv chav kuaj. Cov khaub ncaws hnav hauv lub chaw kuaj mob feem ntau yog tso tseg kom ntxhua khaub ncaws ntawm qhov chaw lossis decontaminated ua ntej rov siv dua.
- Chaw:Lub chaw sim raug cais tawm ntawm lwm qhov chaw hauv tsev. Qhov saum npoo yog kaw thiab yooj yim rau decontaminate. Ibda dej thaum muaj xwm ceev thiab qhov chaw ntxuav qhov muagmuab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw tawm. Kev tswj qhov cua (HEPA cov ntxaij lim dej, cov kev taw qhia airflow) muab qhov cuam tshuam thib ob.
Biosafety Level 4 (BSL 4)
Biosafety theem 4 yog qhovqib siab tshajthiab tsuas yog siv rau covcov kab mob txaus ntshai tshaj plaws,cov uas kis tau zoo heev, lub neej - hem, thiab tsis muaj kev kho mob lossis tshuaj tiv thaiv. Piv txwv suav nrog tus kab mob Ebola, tus kab mob Marburg, tus kab mob Lassa fever, thiab lwm yam kab mob hemorrhagic fever. BSL-4 labs yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thiab ib txwm muaj qhov ntim ntau tshaj plaws.
Txhua qhov kev ceev faj ntawm BSL-3 siv rau hauv BSL-4 lab, nrog rau cov kev cai nruj ntxiv:
- Cov khoom siv tiv thaiv tus kheej:Cov kws tshawb fawb ua hauj lwm hauv tag nrho encapsulating zoo -siab haum thaum twg lawv nyob hauv chav kuaj. Xwb, kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua tiav hauvChav Kawm III biosafety txee (gas-cov hnab looj tes nruj)uas muab lub kaw lus kaw.
- Kev nkag mus thiab cov txheej txheem:Cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum hloov mus rau hauv chav kuaj khaub ncaws ua ntej nkag thiab da dejtawmthaum tawm mus. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tawm hauv chav kuaj nrog rau cov khoom siv thiab cov khib nyiab yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg kom huv. Kev soj ntsuam nruj ntawm cov khoom hauv thiab tawm yog tswj hwm.
- Facility Design:BSL-4 lub chaw kuaj mob feem ntau yog nyob hauv ib lub tsev sib cais lossis hauv ib cheeb tsam cais hauv ib lub tsev. Lawv muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov pa tawm, thiab cov pa tawm yog HEPA- lim. Tag nrho lub chaw sim raug kaw: phab ntsa, pem teb, thiab qab nthab tsis muaj kev nkag mus uas yuav tso cai rau tus neeg sawv cev khiav tawm. Ob chav qhov rooj nkag thiab ruaj ntseg fencing nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tsev yog muaj.
- Pov tseg thiab decontamination:Lab suav nrogtshuaj da dej, pov tseg decontamination systems, thiab autoclaves. Piv txwv li, ib lub chaw kuaj BSL-4 yuav tsum tau nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj da dej tom qab ua haujlwm, lossis siv ntau cov autoclaves ua kom tsis muaj menyuam tag nrho ua ntej muab pov tseg.
- Cov txheej txheem nruj thiab kev cob qhia:Tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb, cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txais kev cob qhia zoo nkag mus rau BSL-4 labs. Txhua tus txheej txheem yog ua tib zoo tsim qauv kom tshem tawm qhov yuam kev. Cov phiaj xwm xwm txheej kub ntxhov (rau kev ua txhaum cai, hluav taws xob poob, thiab lwm yam) nyob hauv qhov chaw.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov sib txawv
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, plaub qib biosafety tsim ib qib zuj zus ntawm kev ntim khoom.
- BSL-1yog rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus - cov neeg ua haujlwm pheej hmoo thiab siv kev tu cev zoo li qub.
- BSL-2ua haujlwm nruab nrab- cov kab mob txaus ntshai thiab ntxiv cov teeb meem xws li cov khoom siv biosafety, txwv kev nkag mus, thiab kev npaj rau kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam.
- BSL-3Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kab mob ua pa hnyav thiab ntxiv yuav tsum tau muaj cov cua nkag mus, cov chaw kaw, lub tshuab ua pa, thiab kev txwv tsis pub nkag (ob lub qhov rooj thiab saib xyuas kev kho mob).
- BSL-4cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm txaus ntshai heev thiab tswj hwm kev tiv thaiv tag nrho, ua kom tiav qhov chaw cais tawm (feem ntau yog ib lub tsev sib cais), cov tshuaj da dej, thiab cov txheej txheem decontamination nruj tshaj plaws.
Txhua theem lub hom phiaj yog los tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv chaw kuaj mob thiab cov pej xeem los ntawm kev ntsuas kev tswj kom muaj kev phom sij. Txhua BSL-1 thiab cov chaw sim siab dua ua raws li cov kev coj ua zoo li kev ntxuav tes thiab tshem tawm qhov chaw. BSL-2 ntxiv kev ceev faj tiv thaiv txaws lossis aerosol raug, BSL-3 ntxiv engineering tswj tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntawm huab cua, thiab BSL-4 ntxiv tag nrho lub cev tiv thaiv rau cov kab mob uas tsis kho. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, lub hom phiaj yog tib yam: txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev tso tawm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm sib kis los yog raug cov neeg ua haujlwm raug mob.