Txhua yam ntawm kev sim yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Kev tsis lees paub txog ib qho ntawm lawv tuaj yeem ua rau tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm kev sim. Txhua leej txhua tus muaj qee tus cwj pwm zoo hauv kev sim. Lawv feem ntau ua haujlwm ua ke los ua kev sim thiab pab txhua tus kom kawm tau los ntawm ib leeg thiab sau. Qee lub chav kuaj pom kev zoo thiab sib tham nrog txhua tus neeg.
Kev sim kev nyab xeeb:
1. Mus rau hauv lub chaw kuaj ntshav, koj yuav tsum tau hnav khaub ncaws ua haujlwm. Tsis txhob muaj hmoo. Yog tias koj kov qhov qaub ncaug, nws yog ib qho teeb meem me me rau hauv koj lub ris tsho uas koj nyiam. Hlawv daim tawv nqaij yog qhov teeb meem. Tsis txhob txhawj xeeb, koj yuav tsum hnav cov hnab looj tes los ua cov kev sim uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau koj lub cev thiab ua lub luag haujlwm rau koj lub cev.
2. Ntxuav tes ua ntej thiab tom qab kev sim. Yog tias koj mus so thiab haus hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev sim, ntxuav koj ob txhais tes. Tsis txhob xav tias cov tshuaj sim no tsis yog tshuaj lom. Lub neej tseem ceeb heev. Ceev faj. Ntxiv thiab, yog tias ob txhais tes qias neeg, koj tuaj yeem paug cov kev sim. Seev thiab cov tshuaj reagents, kuaj, ua rau sim kev sim. Thaum koj ua haujlwm, tsis txhob txhuam koj txhais tes ntawm lub tsho dawb.
3. Txhua lub sijhawm ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub fume hood thaum nws tuaj txog ntawm cov khoom tsis haum lossis cov tshuaj lom.
4. Nco ntsoov pov tseg cov dej khib nyiab, txhuam nws, thiab muab ntxuav kom huv. Cov tshuaj lom cov tshuaj lom thiab tsim kev puas tsuaj yuav tsum tau cim nrog cov cim kev pom zoo. Cov dej khaw uas tau muab pov tseg yog muab pov tseg yam tsis ntxuav. Thaum siv cov kua qaub ntim siv, qee cov neeg yuav tuaj tos lawv. Nws tseem yog ib qho txaus ntshai.
Case:
1 Ib chav siv ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm siv cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov tshuaj toluene ua kua dej chromic acid (ob xim zoo sib xws), thiab lawv sib xyaw ua ke, thiab tam sim ntawd pob tawg lawm, thiab tom qab ntawd nws lub qhov muag tawm.
2 Nyob rau hauv txoj kev kho cov khib nyiab kua dej ib zaug, lub raj mis ntawm cov kua unlabeled tau coj mus rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab loj thiab tawg. Tom qab ntawd, kuv kawm hais tias nws tau muab phosphorus oxychloride hliv rau, uas yuav ntuav thaum raug dej, thiab cov cua sov yuav ua kom nrov tau.
5. Tom qab kaw lub qhov rais qhib qhov rooj tom qab ua hauj lwm lawm, huab cua tau hloov thaum lub caij ntuj sov, thiab txoj kev kuaj muaj ntau cov chemicals, qee cov tseem muaj cov kua qaub, alkali, tshuaj. Them rau dej ua ntej tawm hauv kev sim lossis ua ntej nkag mus rau hauv kev sim. Cov hluav taws xob puas ruaj ntseg?
6. Kuv tsis tuaj yeem nqa cov kav dej thiab ncuav tawm hauv dej. Kuv tsis xav tias tus cwj pwm zoo yog qhov zoo. Yog tias cov kav dej tsis dej tab sis lwm cov acids lossis alkalis, nws zoo npaum li cas mus rau lwm tus neeg lub cev.
7. Thaum muab cov roj hmab khi rau hauv lub khob thiab lub raj xa dej, siv ceev faj txhob siv lub zog. Tsis txhob siv qhov no los ua rau cov ntshav ntws ntev mus.
8. Cov khaub ncaws cov khaub ncaws yuav tsum haum, thiab lub taub hau nruj! Nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus rau hauv cov teeb meem nrog ob lub tes tsho loj.
Cov kws paub meej:
1. Kev npaj ua ntej qhov sim yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Npaj kom txaus ua ntej qhov kev xeem. Cov hauj lwm yooj yooj yim yuav tsum tau ua thaum ua hauj lwm tau txais. Cov tshuaj reagents, cov kev xeem, kev ntsuas, thiab cov txheej txheem xeem, kev tiv thaiv, thiab cov kev xeem dhau los ntsib hauv qhov kev xeem yuav raug ntsib. Yog tias koj xav kom muaj tseeb txog qhov teeb meem, npaj kom zam txhob tsawg dua. Yog tias koj xav mus sim nrog ib qho kev sim ua tshiab, thov nug ib tus neeg uas tau ua cov kev sim zoo sib xws. Rau kev sim uas tsis nquag muaj, ua ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas dav dav thiab sim nws ua ntej ntawm qhov kev ntsuas raug tshem tawm. Qhov tshwj xeeb yuav tsum muab rau qhov chaw uas yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb. .
2. Khaws tus pas ntsuas kub. Tom qab qhov kev sim ua tiav lawm, cov tshuaj rov qab mus rau qhov chaw qub, siv cov twj, thiab lwm yam., Rov qab mus rau lub xeev qub. Koj tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov twg rau nws. Nco ntsoov khaws koj lub rooj sib tw sim kom huv, tsis yog rau koj cov txiaj ntsim zoo, tab sis kuj rau koj tus kheej. Lub siab xav ua qhov kev sim ua tsis tau zoo. Hauv kev sim, kuv tsim tus cuj pwm ntxuav tes. Qhov twg thiab nyob qhov twg ntawm cov khoom los ntawm, nws yog yooj yim rau koj tus kheej thiab rau koj cov npoj yaig.
3. Tsis txhob rush mus ncuav tawm cov khoom tsim tom qab ua noj. Tos rau cov ntaub ntawv kom raug muab xam thiab ces muab pov tseg. Yog hais tias cov ntaub ntawv tsis meej lossis ntau cov ntaub ntawv, koj tuaj yeem rov xyuam dua tsis tau ua dua.
4. Txawm tsis yog los ntawm kev daws koj los yog lub thawv uas koj tau ntim khoom, sau ib daim ntawv los sis cim nrog tus cim kev lag luam kom tsis txhob siv qhov yuam kev. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nws tau cim nrog tus cim kos npe. Yog tias qhov zoo tsis txaus, yog tias koj tau ntsib cov organic reagents lossis dej, koj mam li nco dheev ploj. Tom qab ntawd, xav txog N lub hwj. . . Sau ob peb tus lej lossis ntawv lo rau ntawm lub raj mis.
5. Qee lub sij hawm, txoj kev daws teeb meem tau dhau txoj kev pab lub neej, tab sis nws tsis yog tub nkeeg rau tub nkeeg. Qhov no tsis yog ib qho zoo cwj pwm. Qee lub sij hawm nws yooj yim mus nrhiav ib daim ntawv los sau qhov hnyav, thiab tom qab ntawd tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav nws. Daim ntawv no.
6. Tom qab qhov kev ntsuam xyuas microbiological, qhov nruab nrab tsis tuaj yeem muab pov tseg nrog cov khib nyiab tsev thiab yuav tsum tau sterilized.
7. Cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau ua tiav sai tom qab qhov kev kuaj tiav thiab muab piv nrog cov kev xeem tau dhau los. Yog tias muaj qhov txawv, qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau muab qhia tam sim ntawd thiab kaw tseg rau tom qab nug thiab sib piv. Ua tib zoo soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv ntsuam xyuas thiab cov txiaj ntsim, tshawb xyuas cov cai, thiab ua qhov xaus.
8. Tom qab siv lub nruaj, tsis txhob tu nws tam sim ntawd, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qee yam khoom kub, tsis txhob tu nws tam sim ntawd, ua rau vaj huam sib luag tiag tiag, qhib qhov rooj thaum hnyav, tsis txhob qhib qhov rooj.
9. Tam sim no ntau cov ntaub ntawv kev sim yog nyob rau hauv lub computer, zoo, thaub qab nws txhua zaus ib zaug, yog tias thaum lub computer tsis ua ntej cov ntaub ntawv ploj, qhov poob yog hnyav.
10. Tsis txhob tham nrog cov npoj yaig thaum koj ua qhov kev sim. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tas mus li ntim los yog titration, mloog yuav tsum yog feeb meej, thiab yuam kev dhau.
11. Nrhiav tsis tau cov shortcuts: Piv txwv, ntsuas los yog kho qhov ntim yog qhov ua tau lossis poob ntsej muag.
12. Kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau kev ntsuam xyuas, yog tias muaj qhov tshwm sim txawv txav los yog cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev sib txuas lus ceev ceev thaum lub ntsuas tsis tiav, yuav tsum muab kaw, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov teeb meem.
13. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum paub txog cov khoom siv uas muaj feem xyuam nrog rau cov twj uas siv. Cov npaj yuav tsum tau npaj yuav tsum tau ua ntej, thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob pom tom qab siv cov khoom siv.
14. Ua ntej muab cov reagent, muab sib xyaw kom tsis txhob muaj qhov sib txig sib luag thiab ua tiav qhov kev sim.
15. Tam sim ntawd tom qab muab cov kab hauv raj tso rau hauv dej, tshem tawm ntawm cov kav dej kom tsis txhob noj lwm lub pob zeb nrog tib pipette thaum nws nyob hauv ib qho kev ntxhov siab. Tom qab siv lub kav dej, nws yuav tsum muab rov qab rau txoj hauj lwm loj los tiv thaiv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav tsis dhau sijhawm. Tsis txhob poob siab, ceev faj kom maj mam nqus cov kua thaum siv phom, yog li tsis txhob ntxais rau phom, nws yuav yooj yim txhuam cov phom, thiab nws yuav yooj yim paug cov kev sim tom ntej. Tsis txhob cia nws nyob hauv koj txhais tes thaum koj tsis siv nws, tsis txhob tig nws rov qab (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj kua hauv). Txhawm rau tsim tus qauv txuj ci los yog mus txuas ntxiv thiab kom raug ntxiv ua kua, siv ib lub raj xa dej kom ntxiv, vim tias qhov pipette tsis tu ncua ntxiv rau cov dej, thiab lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ua kub, uas yuav ua rau qhov sib txawv ntawm pipetting.
16. Muab khib nyiab thiab thawing hauv lub tub yees yuav ploj zuj zus qhov sau ntawv, thiab muaj peev xwm tau muab tso rau sab nraud ntawm lo lus nrog scotch kab xev.
17. Thaum koj tsuas pauv ib yam kev sim xwb, txwv tsis pub koj yuav tsis paub tias txoj cai hloov pauv yuav cuam tshuam rau cov kev sim. Kuv xav tias nws yog siab ntev thiab ceevfaj tsis los ua qhov kev sim. Ib qho ntxiv yuav tsum txaj muag nug.
18. Cov kua qauv uas khaws cia hauv qab thawv qab yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias cov qauv no muaj kev tso siab thiab ruaj khov. Qee zaum, yog tias koj tsis xyuam xim, koj yuav poob tag nrho koj lub zog thiab quaj.
19. Lub raj mis nyob hauv lub tub yees yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv tus txheej txheem thiab cim (nws tsis tuaj yeem siv nrog tus cim, txawm tias nws yog ob peb hnub, nws yuav ploj mus), txwv tsis pub, tsis muaj leej twg nco tau nws ntev , nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los ntxuav li, yog tias, ua yuam kev Qhov tseem ceeb khoom yog qhov teeb meem heev. Lub iav ntsuas tau poob tawm, tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi tseem ceeb heev, tsis txhob tuaj tos ntawm tes.
20. Txhua zaus cov tshuaj los yog cov tshuaj tsis haum, ntsuas lub vial thiab lub hau yuav tsum muab rau saum lub rooj tsis yog txuas ncaj qha mus rau saum rooj.
Kev sim ua haujlwm:
Npaj scientifically, faib sijhawm rau lub sijhawm, thiab ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj chaos. Kev tsim cov sij hawm sim yuav ua tau ntau dua hauv ib lub sij hawm tsawg. Kev kuaj ua haujlwm yuav ua tiav thaum lub sij hawm sib npaug yog ua kom sov, thiab lub kauj ruam tom ntej ntawm qhov kev sim, xws li pom los yog kev npaj ntawm lub khob, yog npaj thaum ua noj. Siv lub sij hawm kaw ntawm centrifugation thiab electrophoresis los ua cov ntaub ntawv thiab ua qee yam haujlwm ua.
khob iav:
1. Ntxuav lub khob iav nyob rau lub sij hawm, yog li ntawd nws tuaj yeem tau yooj yim ntxuav txawm tom qab qhov sim.
2. Tsis txhob muab cov tshuaj, cov tshuaj solvent, kua los yog khob iav rau ntawm ntug qhov rooj kom tsis txhob tawg.
3. Lub khob iav yuav tsum ntxuav thiab tua tau nyob rau hauv qhov cub. Qhov fwj tshuaj yuav tsum tau qhuav ntawm 105 degrees thiab muab tso rau hauv ib lub txiv desiccator. Lub iav ruaj khov tsuas tuaj yeem qhuav qhuav hauv qhov cub 40 degree xwb.
4. Txuj kev siv cov khoom sib tsoo, tom qab siv, yuav tsum muab rhuav pov tseg rau hauv lub sijhawm, tsis li, lub sijhawm yuav ntev, lub sib tsoo tej zaum yuav nruj heev.
Reagent
Cov tshuaj reagents yuav tsum muab sau rau hauv lub sijhawm thiab kom ntxaws. Cia li ua tus cim yooj yim ntawm lub raj mis. Tom qab ntev, kuv tau hnov qab qhov tseeb ntawm cov tshuaj reagents. Yog li, cov tshuaj reagents yog khawb.
ntsuas
1. Thaum ntsuas lub tshuab tiav lawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua ntej tawm hauv haujlwm, ua ib co khoom ua haujlwm ntsuas (piv txwv, muab txoj hlua / yeeb nkab dai, thiab lwm yam), thiab kaw raws li qhov kev kaw kev kaw kom paub tseeb tias qhov ntsuas tau lub xeev zoo qhov pib tom ntej. .
2. Nws kuj yog ib qho kev coj cwj pwm phem tawm ntawm lub cev thaum nws raug hluav taws kub. Nws kuj yog ib qho txaus ntshai los xyuas qhov atomic absorption ntawm cov yeeb nkab pov tseg.
3. Thaum ua atomic absorption analyzes:
1 Cov raj xa dej khib nyiab yuav tsum muab khi rau khib nyiab pov tseg kom tiv thaiv tau cov dej khib nyiab ntawm ntws rov qab.
2 Thaum koj ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov extract, nco ntsoov siv cov acetone-ethanol sib xyaw (1 + 1) kom hlawv lub nplawm thiab tom qab yaug nrog dej ntshiab.
4. Thaum siv cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob mus rau lwm cov kev sim thaum uas cov khoom tsis tau tiav rau hauv kev lag luam. Qhov no yog nco txog. Piv txwv li, qee cov neeg ua Beckman J25 high-speed tub yees centrifuge. Thaum lub tshuab tsis tos rau lub centrifuge mus nce mus rau kev ceev, nws yuav ploj mus. Zoo, thaum lub suab nce mus rau lub suab ceev, lub suab tsis zoo li qub. Tsis muaj leej twg paub txog thaum lub centrifuge tiav lawm, cov khoom tiav lawm, thiab cov ncej yog me ntsis tawm. Yog vim li cas qhov centrifuge tube tau tawg, thiab lub tsho txheej tsis tau thawb. Yog li ntawd, qee qhov ua kua. Thaum cov nyiaj seem ploj, lub suab ntawm centrifuge txawv heev. Nws tau kho kaum tawm txhiab leej, thiab nws txawm nyuaj rau tus neeg raug mob. . Tag nrho cov khoom siv yuav tsum tau siv nrog kev saib xyuas, puas kim los yog pheej yig.
kev faib tawm
Cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom yuav tsum raug cais thiab xa rov qab mus rau lawv lub tsev. Tshwjxeeb, lawv yuav tsum rov qab mus rau lawv txoj haujlwm qub tomqab uas lawv tau raug coj los kuaj lossis siv rau hauv qhov kev xeem. Yog tias xav tau, yuav tsum muaj npe rau npe. Piv txwv li: qhov kev ua qias tsis pub dawb yog ib lub sij hawm dhau los, thiab muaj ntau cov qauv, tab sis lawv sawv daws tsis tau. Kuv siv ib tag kis sawv ntxov hauv lub tub yees saib cov dej kuaj. Qhov no kuj yog rooj plaub rau lwm tus neeg tab tom nrhiav kev kuaj av. Txiav, ces koj tsis txhob muab pov tseg qhov kev sim ntau dhau sijhawm.
txuag
Kuv tsis nyiam kuaj cov cuab yeej thiab khoom siv, tsis txhob txuag cov tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj reagents, xav tias nws pheej yig heev, kuv tsis paub txog kev txuag cov kev sim.
sau cia
1. Nqa cov lus piav qhia txhua lub sijhawm thaum lub sijhawm sim ua kom nws tuaj yeem kaw thaum twg los tau. Cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv, tsis yog cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv rau cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas kev ntsuas, tej yam kev mob lossis lwm yam kev txawv txav, qhov tshwm sim yuav tsum raug sau tseg rau lub sijhawm. Siv cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas ntawm txhua yam twj paj nruag.
2. Faj seeb qhov kev sib txawv ntawm cov kev sim thiab sau cov lus piav qhia ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev sim (pab rau yav tom ntej), ua tib zoo sau txhua cov ntaub ntawv, kev nco zoo tsis zoo li tus cwj mem, qhov no yog hom lus sib thooj, tab sis tsis muab nce qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus cwj mem, cov ntaub ntawv zoo los sis qhov phem. Yuav kom paub txog cov ntaub ntawv sib lawv liag, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob sau los yog tseem nrog cov ntaub ntawv, nws yuav ua teeb meem rau koj tus kheej, them nqi rau kev muab tso ua ke thiab kev soj ntsuam cov kev sim cov ntaub ntawv tom qab sim.
3. Qee cov neeg tsis muaj tus cwj pwm los sau cov kev sim rau lub sijhawm, thiab nws yooj yim dua rov ua haujlwm dua ib qho kev ua yuam kev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais tias qee cov tib neeg tsuas sau cov neeg ncaj ncees, thiab cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees yog cov ntshai los ntawm cov thawj coj pom. Kuv xav tias Ua "cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov plag" no yog kaum lub sij hawm zoo tshaj qhov ua cov ntaub ntawv zoo. Cov ntaub ntawv no tsis yog ua rau koj thiab koj cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg, ua haujlwm zoo dua qub, thiab rov qab ua kom poob, xws li ntsuas kev puas tsuaj, ua rau, yuam kev hauv kev soj ntsuam. Tus foob thiab lwm yam. . .
4. Ua ib tug kws pabcuam, yuav tsum muaj tus cwj pwm zoo uas muaj nqes cov ntaub ntawv thiab ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Txhob muab txhua yam ntaub ntawv lossis cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg, thiab soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv los yog cov ntaub ntawv tsis tu ncua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj qhov txawv txav, ua kom tiav kom tiav. Azimuth kom to taub qhov kev ntsuas ntawm qhov ntsuas.
5. Nqa ib cim nrog koj. Siv ib tug naj npawb rau lub hwj, lub txiv neej, thiab lwm yam. Tsis txhob txhawj txog, ntawm ib nrais muag, nws zoo tshaj qhov txav. Yog tias ua tau, siv ib lub lauj kaub tais diav sib xyaw rau ib qho kev sim thiab cim nrog nws tus cim.